An updated list of the Mexican herpetofauna: with a summary of historical and contemporary studies.

The growth in our knowledge of the diversity of the herpetofauna of Mexico has occurred over the period of approximately 445 years from the work of Francisco Hernández to that of a broad multinational array of present-day herpetologists. The work of this huge group of people has established Mexico as one of the most significant centers of herpetofaunal biodiversity in the world. This status is the result of a complex orography, in addition to diverse habitats and environments and the biogeographic history of Mexico. The current herpetofauna consists of 1,421 native and introduced species, allocated to 220 genera, and 61 families. This figure is comprised of 1,405 native species and 16 non-native species (as of April 2023). The non-native species include two anurans, 13 squamates, and one turtle. The level of endemism is very high, presently lying at 63%, with this level expected to increase with time. Species richness varies among the 32 federal entities in the country, from a low of 50 in Tlaxcala to a high of 492 in Oaxaca. Amphibian species richness by state-level can be envisioned as comprising three levels of low, medium, and high, with the lowest levels occurring in the Peninsula of Baja California, a group of seven states in north-central and central Mexico, and a group of three states in the Yucatan Peninsula, with the highest levels occupying the southern states of Guerrero, Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, and the medium level in the remaining states of the country. Reptile species richness also can be allocated to three categories, with the lowest level occupying Baja California Sur, a group of central states, and the states of the Yucatan Peninsula, and the highest level found in a cluster of the states of Veracruz, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas. Knowledge of the Mexican herpetofauna will continue to grow with additional studies on systematics, conservation, and the construction of checklists at various levels.

Efectividad de la risaterapia en manejo el dolor en pacientes pediátricos postoperados de apendicetomía / Effectiveness of laughter therapy in pain management in pediatric patients in postoperative appendectomy / Efetividades da risoterapia no manejo da dor em pacientes pediátricos em pósoperatório de apendicectomia

Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de la risaterapia en el manejo del dolor en pacientes pediátricos postoperados de apendicetomía versus pacientes que reciben tratamiento farmacológico. Método: ensayo clínico controlado, prospectivo, de corte longitudinal, en 32 pacientes divididos en 16 por grupo experimental y control, seleccionados aleatoriamente. El dolor fue evaluado en ambos grupos por la Escala Visual Análoga, constantes vitales, antes y después de la intervención de risaterapia y la terapia farmacológica. Resultados: la disminución del dolor mediante la risaterapia es efectiva (t= 4.138, p= .001; t=2.216, p = 0.043; respectivamente) en el grupo experimental versus en el grupo control, donde se aplico la terapia farmacologica (t= 5.436, p= .001; t=4.443, p = .001; respectivamente). Conclusión: la risaterapia tiene un impacto equitativo a la administración del medicamento en los pacientes pediátricos, además disminuye la frecuencia respiratoria y aumenta la saturación de oxígeno de los pacientes, al contrario de lo que sucede con el fármaco.

Objective: to evaluate the effect of laughter therapy on pain management in postoperative pediatric patients of appendectomy versus patients receiving pharmacological treatment. Method: controlled, prospective, longitudinal cut clinical trial, in 32 patients divided into 16 by experimental and control group, randomly selected. Pain was evaluated in both groups by the Visual Analog Scale, vital signs, before and after the intervention of laughter therapy and pharmacological therapy. Results: the decrease in pain through laughter therapy is effective (t = 4,138, p = .001; t = 2,216, p = 0.043; respectively) in the experimental group versus the control group, in which pharmacological therapy was applied (t = 5.436, p = .001; t = 4.443, p = .001; respectively). Conclusion: laughter therapy has an equitable impact on drug administration in pediatric patients, it also decreases respiratory rate and increases patients' oxygen saturation, unlike drug therapy

Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da risoterapia no manejo da dor em pacientes pediátricos em pós-operatório de apendicectomia versus pacientes em tratamento farmacológico. Método: ensaio clínico controlado, prospectivo e longitudinal, em 32 pacientes divididos em 16 por grupo experimental e controle, selecionados aleatoriamente. A dor foi avaliada em ambos os grupos pela Escala Visual Analógica, sinais vitais, antes e após a intervenção da risoterapia e terapia farmacológica. Resultados: a diminuição da dor através da terapia do riso é eficaz (t = 4.138, p = 0,001; t = 2,216, p = 0,043; respectivamente) no grupo experimental versus no grupo controle, onde a terapia farmacológica foi aplicada (t = 5,436, p = 0,001; t = 4,443, p = 0,001, respectivamente). Conclusão: a risoterapia tem um impacto equitativo à administração do medicamento em pacientes pediátricos, ademais diminui a frequência respiratória e aumenta a saturação de oxigênio dos pacientes, ao contrário do que ocorre com o fármaco.

Pro and Anti-inflammatory Cytokine Production in CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Children with Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis Exposed to the Monocyte Locomotion Inhibitory Factor (MLIF).

Entamoeba histolytica produces, in axenic culture, the monocytes locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a oligopeptide with selective anti-inflammatory properties. We evaluated the effect of MLIF on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in CD4+ T lymphocytes from children with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Twelve children with severe asthma, 12 children with allergic rhinitis and 6 healthy controls were recruited for this study between May and December 2016. CD4+ T cells were cultured for 24 h at 37°C, 5% CO2 in the presence of MLIF, 1-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), MLIF+PMA or RPMI. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-4, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression levels were measured in the supernatants of T-cell cultures using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were inhibited by MLIF (IFN-γ p=0.0036, TNF-α p<0.001, IL-4 p=0.0082) in asthmatic patients, however IFN-γ was not significantly inhibited (NS) in patients with allergic rhinitis when compared to the RPMI group. In CD4+ T cells treated with PMA+MLIF, the expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-4 were strongly inhibited (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.0094), compared to PMA treatment alone, for both, rhinitis and asthma. IL-10 expression was not affected by MLIF in neither of the two diseases. We conclude that MLIF alters the pro/anti-inflammatory balance and induces inhibition of IL-4, IFN-γ and TNF-α, but does not affect IL-10.